- Jack's Casino Northfield Ohio
- Jack Casino In Northfield Ohio
- Jack Thistledown Casino Northfield Ohio
- Jack Racino Northfield Ohio
- Jack Casino Northfield Ohio
When Gov. Mike DeWine issued an order banning mass gatherings of over 100 people in response to the coronavirus pandemic, he made several exceptions, notably for things like hospitals, airports, churches, schools, and more.
It wasn't initially clear how this would affect the state's four casinos, including JACK Casino in Cleveland.
Those questions have now been put to rest.
JACK Cleveland Casino. Hollywood Gaming at Mahoning Valley Race Course. 655 N Canfield Niles Rd, Youngstown, OH. Here are the changes you'll see when Ohio's casinos reopen News. By: Talia Naquin. MGM Northfield has not revealed an opening date. Jack Casino plans to open June 19.
Labouchere Betting System for Roulette The Labouchere system is a type of cancellation system for playing any gambling game – however it is known to work particularly well with roulette. Using the Labouchere system means that players have to win less than half of their bets in order to ultimately reach a pre-determined betting goal. The Labouchere strategy is among the most popular systems for roulette players but it cannot be denied that it still lacks a lot of things. For instance, the house edge will remain unchanged even if the player decides to follow this strategy. Labouchere Roulette Strategy The Labouchere is a slightly more complex system that may require some practice to get used to. It's a system that you dictate the rules for before you start playing. Metodo labouchere roulette. The Labouchere is a strategy devised to work with even bets – this means that you can use it when betting on Red/Black, Even/Odd, and 1-18/19-36. Using it to play on the inside bets can be rather risky, since the numbers don't add up and you might end up losing a lot. You need to bet on something with around 50% success chance.
Following a mandate from the Ohio Casino Control Commission that said all four locations must comply with the order, JACK Cleveland Casino has announced that it is temporarily closing its doors.
NORTHFIELD, Ohio (WJW)– MGM Northfield Park and Jack Casino are adjusting their hours to comply with the new state-issued curfew in Ohio. Emergency doctors in Ohio believe surge in coronavirus.
Jack's Casino Northfield Ohio
The commission did not say the casinos must close; only that they must comply with the directive by midnight and 'submit to the Commission their plans to maintain compliance.' Officials added they 'may take additional actions if needed.'
The instructions from the OCCC do not apply to JACK Thistledown Racino in North Randall or to MGM Northfield Park, as they are under the jurisdiction of the Ohio Lottery Commission (OLC). However, 3News confirmed with the OLC that all Ohio racinos were sent a notice to comply with Gov. DeWine's directive on mass gatherings by midnight on Friday. The OLC provided the following statement on the matter.
'The Ohio Lottery Commission notified racinos that they must be in compliance with Governor DeWine's Executive Order 2020-01D to limit mass gatherings. We expect them to be in compliance by midnight tonight. Failure to comply may result in administrative action including temporary shutdown of the video lottery terminals.'
Shortly after the OCCC and OLC's rulings, MGM Resorts International announced that it will temporarily close MGM Northfield Park.
'As of midnight tonight, MGM Northfield Park will suspend operations and temporarily close,' said MGM Chief Operating Officer and President Bill Hornbuckle. 'We will do all we can to mitigate the impact on our employees and partners. We will monitor this rapidly changing situation and will keep everyone informed as decisions are made to reopen in the future.'
In addition, JACK Thistledown Racino will also temporarily close its doors.
13 state residents have so far tested positive for the coronavirus, the vast majority in Northeast Ohio. The pandemic has so far killed more than 5,400 people worldwide, including 48 in the United States.
RELATED: 3News takes inventory of Northeast Ohio's medical supply amid coronavirus preparations
RELATED: Stocks recoup much of a historic plunge as Trump announces measures to fight virus
RELATED: Cleveland Public Library closes until further notice due to coronavirus
RELATED: After Trump's claim about screening website, Google says coronavirus 'tool' still in early stages
RELATED: Cleveland Mayor Frank G. Jackson says city will temporarily stop water and power shutoffs due to coronavirus concerns
LIST: Northeast Ohio institutions, locations, & events that have been closed or restricted due to coronavirus threat
RELATED: Coronavirus fears leave Cuyahoga County Board of Elections with poll worker shortage
RELATED: House reaches deal with Trump administration on coronavirus aid
RELATED: Ohio Gov. Mike DeWine issues order prohibiting visitors at jails
RELATED: Gov. Mike DeWine: Ohio will keep meal programs with schools closed
RELATED: University Hospitals now has ability to test for coronavirus on-site
Introduction to Ohio Slot Machine Casino Gambling in 2020
Ohio slot machine casino gambling consists of eleven casinos. Four are stand-alone casinos with table games while seven casinos are pari-mutuel racinos with horse tracks and simulcast betting.
Ohio casinos have a minimum theoretical payout limit. Return statistics are publicly available.
This post continues my weekly State-By-State Slot Machine Casino Gambling Series, an online resource dedicated to guiding slot machine casino gambler to success. Now in its third year, each weekly post reviews slots gambling in a single U.S. state, territory, or federal district.
Keep Reading … or Watch Instead!
Or … Listen Instead!
Subscribe to my Professor Slots podcast at Apple Podcasts | Google Podcasts | Spotify | Amazon Music | Amazon Audible | Gaana | Stitcher | Pandora | iHeart Radio | Tune-In | SoundCloud | RadioPublic | Deezer | RSS and everywhere else you find your podcasts!
Relevant Legal Statutes on Gambling in Ohio*
The minimum legal gambling age in Ohio depends upon the gambling activity:
Jack Casino In Northfield Ohio
- Land-Based Casinos: 21
- Poker Rooms: 21
- Bingo: 18
- Lottery: 18
- Pari-Mutuel Wagering: 18
Jack Thistledown Casino Northfield Ohio
In 1933, an approved constitutional amendment legalized pari-mutual wagering at racetracks. The 1970s saw the arrival of the lottery and charity bingo. Social poker games have always existed, but the house must not profit from the game.
The original operators of Ohio's four stand-alone casinos backed a proposed constitutional amendment. In November 2009, 52% of voters approved the constitutional amendment allowing one casino in the cities of:
- Cincinnati
- Cleveland
- Columbus
- Toledo
In addition to the usual fees and taxes imposed on Ohio businesses, the constitutional amendment required or specified:
- A 33% tax on gross casino revenue
- Distribution of the proceeds of the tax
- A license fee of $50 million per casino dedicated to workforce development
- An initial capital investment of $250 million for the development of each casino facility
- The existence of the Ohio Casino Control Commission
- The Ohio General Assembly would pass other laws to facilitate the operation of the casino gaming amendment
- A maximum of 5,000 slot machines at each casino facility
- There is no limit on the number of table games allowed
Subsequent changes in state lottery legislation allowed pari-mutual racetracks to begin offer video lottery terminal (VLT) style slot machines in 2012. These were the first racinos in Ohio.
*The purpose of this section is to inform the public of state gambling laws and how the laws might apply to various forms of gaming. It is not legal advice. Belterra casino resort florence indiana.
Jack Racino Northfield Ohio
Slot Machine Private Ownership in Ohio
It is legal to own a slot machine privately in the state of Ohio without restriction as to its date of manufacture.
Gaming Control Board in Ohio
In 2009, a constitutional amendment created the Ohio Casino Control Commission. Its website is comprehensive but only applies to slot machine casino gambling at Ohio's four stand-alone casinos.
In 1973, a constitutional amendment established the Ohio Lottery Commission. The Ohio Lottery eventually became responsible for and controls video slot machines found at Ohio's seven racinos. These pari-mutuel racetracks began adding VLT-style slot machines starting in 2012.
The state gaming commission offers significant resources for slots enthusiasts besides return statistics. For instance, enforcement provides quarterly and fiscal year gaming crimes and statistics including offenses by statute.
Casinos in Ohio
There are four commercial casino resorts and seven commercial pari-mutuel racetracks with simulcast betting as well as slot machines in Ohio.
The largest casino in Ohio is Eldorado Gaming Scioto Downs with 2,386 gaming machines in February 2020.
The second-largest casino is MGM Northfield Park with 2,183 gaming machines in February 2020.
Commercial Casinos in Ohio
Slot machines that you win real money. The four casino resorts in Ohio are:
- Hard Rock Casino Cincinnati found in downtown Cincinnati located 106 miles southwest of Columbus along the Ohio River near the borders of Kentucky and Indiana.
- Hollywood Casino Columbus in Ohio's capital of Columbus.
- Hollywood Casino Toledo found 140 miles north of Columbus near the border to Michigan.
- JACK Cleveland Casino found 144 miles northeast of Columbus near Lake Erie in downtown Cleveland.
The seven pari-mutual racetracks with VLT-style slot machines in Ohio are:
- Belterra Park found 10 miles southeast of downtown Cincinnati on the Ohio River.
- Eldorado Gaming Scioto Downs found 11 miles south of downtown Columbus.
- Hollywood Gaming Dayton Raceway found 59 miles north of Cincinnati.
- Hollywood Gaming Mahoning Valley Race Course in Youngstown found 68 miles southeast of Cleveland.
- JACK Thistledown Racino in North Randall found 16 miles southeast of Cleveland.
- MGM Northfield Park found 18 miles southeast of Cleveland.
- Miami Valley Gaming in Lebanon found 30 miles north of Cincinnati.
Tribal Casinos in Ohio
Ohio has no tribal casinos as no federally-recognized American Indian tribes exist in this state.
Other Gambling Establishments
As an alternative to enjoying Ohio slot machine casino gambling, consider exploring casino options in a nearby state. Bordering Ohio is:
Jack Casino Northfield Ohio
- North: Michigan Slots and Lake Erie
- East: Pennsylvania Slots
- Southeast: West Virginia Slots
- South: Kentucky Slots
- West: Indiana Slots
Each of the links above will take you to my blog for that neighboring U.S. state to Ohio.
Our Ohio Slots Facebook Group
Are you interested in sharing and learning with other slots enthusiasts in Ohio? If so, join our new Ohio slots community on Facebook. All you'll need is a Facebook profile to join this closed Facebook Group freely.
There, you'll be able to privately share your slots experiences as well as chat with players about slots gambling in Ohio. Join us!
Payout Returns in Ohio
Ohio's Gaming Control Act section 3772.20 states that the minimum theoretical payout is 85% for slot machines at Ohio's casino resorts. This same payout limit applies to slot machines at Ohio's racetracks with slot machines thanks to the Ohio Lottery's Video Lottery Game Rules.
Ohio's five stand-alone casino resorts have return statistics publicly available from the Ohio Gaming Commission. However, Ohio's seven racetracks with slot machines have their return statistics available from the Ohio Lottery. Both sources offer return statistics by:
- Month
- Casino
- State-wide
In February 2020, Monthly Casino Revenue Reports from the Ohio Gaming Commission shows return statistics for the four casino resorts were:
- State-Wide: 91.82%
- Hard Rock Cincinnati: 92.03%
- Hollywood Columbus: 92.06%
- Hollywood Toledo: 90.97%
- JACK Cleveland: 92.29%
The highest return for casino resorts went to JACK Cleveland at 92.3% while the lowest went to Hollywood Toledo at 91.0%.
In February 2020, VLT Fiscal Revenue Reports from the Ohio Lottery shows return statistics for the seven racinos were:
- State-Wide: 90.79%
- Belterra Park: 90.90%
- Eldorado Gaming Scioto Downs: 90.48%
- Hollywood Gaming Dayton Raceway: 90.71%
- Hollywood Gaming Mahoning Valley Race Course: 90.20%
- JACK Thistledown Racino: 90.64%
- MGM Northfield Park: 90.97%
- Miami Valley Gaming: 91.31%
The highest return for racinos went to Miami Valley Gaming at 91.3% while the lowest went to Hollywood Mahoning Valley at 90.2%. Overall, JACK Cleveland had the best return of any casino or racino in Ohio while Hollywood Mahoning Valley had the lowest.
Summary of Ohio Slot Machine Casino Gambling in 2020
Ohio slot machine casino gambling consists of eleven casinos operating under two gaming commissions. These casinos include four stand-alone casino resorts regulated by the Ohio Gaming Commission and seven racinos with pari-mutuel wagering and video-lottery-terminal (VLT) style slot machines regulated and controlled by the Ohio Lottery.
The minimum theoretical payout limit at all Ohio casinos is 85%. Each gaming control board offers monthly return statistics which are publicly available.
Annual Progress in Ohio Slot Machine Casino Gambling
In the last year, JACK Cincinnati has officially switched ownership to Hard Rock Cincinnati. Further, in Cincinnati over the last year, Boyd Gaming operates Belterra Park after this racino's purchase in late 2018.
Related Articles from Professor Slots
JACK Cleveland Casino. Hollywood Gaming at Mahoning Valley Race Course. 655 N Canfield Niles Rd, Youngstown, OH. Here are the changes you'll see when Ohio's casinos reopen News. By: Talia Naquin. MGM Northfield has not revealed an opening date. Jack Casino plans to open June 19.
Labouchere Betting System for Roulette The Labouchere system is a type of cancellation system for playing any gambling game – however it is known to work particularly well with roulette. Using the Labouchere system means that players have to win less than half of their bets in order to ultimately reach a pre-determined betting goal. The Labouchere strategy is among the most popular systems for roulette players but it cannot be denied that it still lacks a lot of things. For instance, the house edge will remain unchanged even if the player decides to follow this strategy. Labouchere Roulette Strategy The Labouchere is a slightly more complex system that may require some practice to get used to. It's a system that you dictate the rules for before you start playing. Metodo labouchere roulette. The Labouchere is a strategy devised to work with even bets – this means that you can use it when betting on Red/Black, Even/Odd, and 1-18/19-36. Using it to play on the inside bets can be rather risky, since the numbers don't add up and you might end up losing a lot. You need to bet on something with around 50% success chance.
Following a mandate from the Ohio Casino Control Commission that said all four locations must comply with the order, JACK Cleveland Casino has announced that it is temporarily closing its doors.
NORTHFIELD, Ohio (WJW)– MGM Northfield Park and Jack Casino are adjusting their hours to comply with the new state-issued curfew in Ohio. Emergency doctors in Ohio believe surge in coronavirus.
Jack's Casino Northfield Ohio
The commission did not say the casinos must close; only that they must comply with the directive by midnight and 'submit to the Commission their plans to maintain compliance.' Officials added they 'may take additional actions if needed.'
The instructions from the OCCC do not apply to JACK Thistledown Racino in North Randall or to MGM Northfield Park, as they are under the jurisdiction of the Ohio Lottery Commission (OLC). However, 3News confirmed with the OLC that all Ohio racinos were sent a notice to comply with Gov. DeWine's directive on mass gatherings by midnight on Friday. The OLC provided the following statement on the matter.
'The Ohio Lottery Commission notified racinos that they must be in compliance with Governor DeWine's Executive Order 2020-01D to limit mass gatherings. We expect them to be in compliance by midnight tonight. Failure to comply may result in administrative action including temporary shutdown of the video lottery terminals.'
Shortly after the OCCC and OLC's rulings, MGM Resorts International announced that it will temporarily close MGM Northfield Park.
'As of midnight tonight, MGM Northfield Park will suspend operations and temporarily close,' said MGM Chief Operating Officer and President Bill Hornbuckle. 'We will do all we can to mitigate the impact on our employees and partners. We will monitor this rapidly changing situation and will keep everyone informed as decisions are made to reopen in the future.'
In addition, JACK Thistledown Racino will also temporarily close its doors.
13 state residents have so far tested positive for the coronavirus, the vast majority in Northeast Ohio. The pandemic has so far killed more than 5,400 people worldwide, including 48 in the United States.
RELATED: 3News takes inventory of Northeast Ohio's medical supply amid coronavirus preparations
RELATED: Stocks recoup much of a historic plunge as Trump announces measures to fight virus
RELATED: Cleveland Public Library closes until further notice due to coronavirus
RELATED: After Trump's claim about screening website, Google says coronavirus 'tool' still in early stages
RELATED: Cleveland Mayor Frank G. Jackson says city will temporarily stop water and power shutoffs due to coronavirus concerns
LIST: Northeast Ohio institutions, locations, & events that have been closed or restricted due to coronavirus threat
RELATED: Coronavirus fears leave Cuyahoga County Board of Elections with poll worker shortage
RELATED: House reaches deal with Trump administration on coronavirus aid
RELATED: Ohio Gov. Mike DeWine issues order prohibiting visitors at jails
RELATED: Gov. Mike DeWine: Ohio will keep meal programs with schools closed
RELATED: University Hospitals now has ability to test for coronavirus on-site
Introduction to Ohio Slot Machine Casino Gambling in 2020
Ohio slot machine casino gambling consists of eleven casinos. Four are stand-alone casinos with table games while seven casinos are pari-mutuel racinos with horse tracks and simulcast betting.
Ohio casinos have a minimum theoretical payout limit. Return statistics are publicly available.
This post continues my weekly State-By-State Slot Machine Casino Gambling Series, an online resource dedicated to guiding slot machine casino gambler to success. Now in its third year, each weekly post reviews slots gambling in a single U.S. state, territory, or federal district.
Keep Reading … or Watch Instead!
Or … Listen Instead!
Subscribe to my Professor Slots podcast at Apple Podcasts | Google Podcasts | Spotify | Amazon Music | Amazon Audible | Gaana | Stitcher | Pandora | iHeart Radio | Tune-In | SoundCloud | RadioPublic | Deezer | RSS and everywhere else you find your podcasts!
Relevant Legal Statutes on Gambling in Ohio*
The minimum legal gambling age in Ohio depends upon the gambling activity:
Jack Casino In Northfield Ohio
- Land-Based Casinos: 21
- Poker Rooms: 21
- Bingo: 18
- Lottery: 18
- Pari-Mutuel Wagering: 18
Jack Thistledown Casino Northfield Ohio
In 1933, an approved constitutional amendment legalized pari-mutual wagering at racetracks. The 1970s saw the arrival of the lottery and charity bingo. Social poker games have always existed, but the house must not profit from the game.
The original operators of Ohio's four stand-alone casinos backed a proposed constitutional amendment. In November 2009, 52% of voters approved the constitutional amendment allowing one casino in the cities of:
- Cincinnati
- Cleveland
- Columbus
- Toledo
In addition to the usual fees and taxes imposed on Ohio businesses, the constitutional amendment required or specified:
- A 33% tax on gross casino revenue
- Distribution of the proceeds of the tax
- A license fee of $50 million per casino dedicated to workforce development
- An initial capital investment of $250 million for the development of each casino facility
- The existence of the Ohio Casino Control Commission
- The Ohio General Assembly would pass other laws to facilitate the operation of the casino gaming amendment
- A maximum of 5,000 slot machines at each casino facility
- There is no limit on the number of table games allowed
Subsequent changes in state lottery legislation allowed pari-mutual racetracks to begin offer video lottery terminal (VLT) style slot machines in 2012. These were the first racinos in Ohio.
*The purpose of this section is to inform the public of state gambling laws and how the laws might apply to various forms of gaming. It is not legal advice. Belterra casino resort florence indiana.
Jack Racino Northfield Ohio
Slot Machine Private Ownership in Ohio
It is legal to own a slot machine privately in the state of Ohio without restriction as to its date of manufacture.
Gaming Control Board in Ohio
In 2009, a constitutional amendment created the Ohio Casino Control Commission. Its website is comprehensive but only applies to slot machine casino gambling at Ohio's four stand-alone casinos.
In 1973, a constitutional amendment established the Ohio Lottery Commission. The Ohio Lottery eventually became responsible for and controls video slot machines found at Ohio's seven racinos. These pari-mutuel racetracks began adding VLT-style slot machines starting in 2012.
The state gaming commission offers significant resources for slots enthusiasts besides return statistics. For instance, enforcement provides quarterly and fiscal year gaming crimes and statistics including offenses by statute.
Casinos in Ohio
There are four commercial casino resorts and seven commercial pari-mutuel racetracks with simulcast betting as well as slot machines in Ohio.
The largest casino in Ohio is Eldorado Gaming Scioto Downs with 2,386 gaming machines in February 2020.
The second-largest casino is MGM Northfield Park with 2,183 gaming machines in February 2020.
Commercial Casinos in Ohio
Slot machines that you win real money. The four casino resorts in Ohio are:
- Hard Rock Casino Cincinnati found in downtown Cincinnati located 106 miles southwest of Columbus along the Ohio River near the borders of Kentucky and Indiana.
- Hollywood Casino Columbus in Ohio's capital of Columbus.
- Hollywood Casino Toledo found 140 miles north of Columbus near the border to Michigan.
- JACK Cleveland Casino found 144 miles northeast of Columbus near Lake Erie in downtown Cleveland.
The seven pari-mutual racetracks with VLT-style slot machines in Ohio are:
- Belterra Park found 10 miles southeast of downtown Cincinnati on the Ohio River.
- Eldorado Gaming Scioto Downs found 11 miles south of downtown Columbus.
- Hollywood Gaming Dayton Raceway found 59 miles north of Cincinnati.
- Hollywood Gaming Mahoning Valley Race Course in Youngstown found 68 miles southeast of Cleveland.
- JACK Thistledown Racino in North Randall found 16 miles southeast of Cleveland.
- MGM Northfield Park found 18 miles southeast of Cleveland.
- Miami Valley Gaming in Lebanon found 30 miles north of Cincinnati.
Tribal Casinos in Ohio
Ohio has no tribal casinos as no federally-recognized American Indian tribes exist in this state.
Other Gambling Establishments
As an alternative to enjoying Ohio slot machine casino gambling, consider exploring casino options in a nearby state. Bordering Ohio is:
Jack Casino Northfield Ohio
- North: Michigan Slots and Lake Erie
- East: Pennsylvania Slots
- Southeast: West Virginia Slots
- South: Kentucky Slots
- West: Indiana Slots
Each of the links above will take you to my blog for that neighboring U.S. state to Ohio.
Our Ohio Slots Facebook Group
Are you interested in sharing and learning with other slots enthusiasts in Ohio? If so, join our new Ohio slots community on Facebook. All you'll need is a Facebook profile to join this closed Facebook Group freely.
There, you'll be able to privately share your slots experiences as well as chat with players about slots gambling in Ohio. Join us!
Payout Returns in Ohio
Ohio's Gaming Control Act section 3772.20 states that the minimum theoretical payout is 85% for slot machines at Ohio's casino resorts. This same payout limit applies to slot machines at Ohio's racetracks with slot machines thanks to the Ohio Lottery's Video Lottery Game Rules.
Ohio's five stand-alone casino resorts have return statistics publicly available from the Ohio Gaming Commission. However, Ohio's seven racetracks with slot machines have their return statistics available from the Ohio Lottery. Both sources offer return statistics by:
- Month
- Casino
- State-wide
In February 2020, Monthly Casino Revenue Reports from the Ohio Gaming Commission shows return statistics for the four casino resorts were:
- State-Wide: 91.82%
- Hard Rock Cincinnati: 92.03%
- Hollywood Columbus: 92.06%
- Hollywood Toledo: 90.97%
- JACK Cleveland: 92.29%
The highest return for casino resorts went to JACK Cleveland at 92.3% while the lowest went to Hollywood Toledo at 91.0%.
In February 2020, VLT Fiscal Revenue Reports from the Ohio Lottery shows return statistics for the seven racinos were:
- State-Wide: 90.79%
- Belterra Park: 90.90%
- Eldorado Gaming Scioto Downs: 90.48%
- Hollywood Gaming Dayton Raceway: 90.71%
- Hollywood Gaming Mahoning Valley Race Course: 90.20%
- JACK Thistledown Racino: 90.64%
- MGM Northfield Park: 90.97%
- Miami Valley Gaming: 91.31%
The highest return for racinos went to Miami Valley Gaming at 91.3% while the lowest went to Hollywood Mahoning Valley at 90.2%. Overall, JACK Cleveland had the best return of any casino or racino in Ohio while Hollywood Mahoning Valley had the lowest.
Summary of Ohio Slot Machine Casino Gambling in 2020
Ohio slot machine casino gambling consists of eleven casinos operating under two gaming commissions. These casinos include four stand-alone casino resorts regulated by the Ohio Gaming Commission and seven racinos with pari-mutuel wagering and video-lottery-terminal (VLT) style slot machines regulated and controlled by the Ohio Lottery.
The minimum theoretical payout limit at all Ohio casinos is 85%. Each gaming control board offers monthly return statistics which are publicly available.
Annual Progress in Ohio Slot Machine Casino Gambling
In the last year, JACK Cincinnati has officially switched ownership to Hard Rock Cincinnati. Further, in Cincinnati over the last year, Boyd Gaming operates Belterra Park after this racino's purchase in late 2018.
Related Articles from Professor Slots
Other State-By-State Articles from Professor Slots
- Previous: Northern Mariana Islands Slot Machine Casino Gambling
- Next: Oklahoma Slot Machine Casino Gambling
Have fun, be safe, and make good choices!
By Jon H. Friedl, Jr. Ph.D., President
Jon Friedl, LLC
